Pregnancy is an exciting and life-changing journey, but it also brings significant changes to your body. Among these changes is a natural adjustment in your immune system, making you more vulnerable to certain infections. While many infections during pregnancy are mild and easily treated, others can pose serious risks if left undiagnosed or untreated. Knowing how to recognize the signs and understanding when to seek medical attention can help protect both you and your baby.
The good news is that most pregnancy-related infections can be prevented through good hygiene, safe food practices, regular prenatal care, and prompt medical treatment. Early diagnosis is often the key to avoiding complications.
In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the most common infections during pregnancy, their symptoms, treatment options, prevention tips, and the warning signs that require immediate medical attention.
Why Are Pregnant Women More Prone to Infections?
Pregnancy causes remarkable changes throughout the body. To support your growing baby, your immune system adapts in ways that help prevent your body from rejecting the fetus. Although this adaptation is completely normal, it can make you more susceptible to certain bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections.
Several factors contribute to this increased vulnerability.
1. Changes in the Immune System
During pregnancy, your immune system becomes more tolerant to allow your baby to grow safely. This doesn’t mean your immune system is weak—it simply responds differently.
Because of these changes:
- Some infections may develop more easily.
- Existing infections may become more severe.
- Recovery from illness may take longer than usual.
This is why healthcare providers closely monitor pregnant women for infections throughout pregnancy.
2. Hormonal Changes
Pregnancy hormones such as estrogen and progesterone influence nearly every organ in your body.
These hormonal shifts can:
- Alter the balance of healthy bacteria in the vagina.
- Increase moisture levels.
- Change vaginal acidity (pH).
- Encourage the growth of yeast and certain bacteria.
These changes explain why vaginal infections such as yeast infections and bacterial vaginosis are relatively common during pregnancy.
3. Changes in the Urinary Tract
Your urinary system also undergoes significant changes.
As pregnancy progresses:
- The growing uterus places pressure on the bladder.
- Urine flows more slowly through the urinary tract.
- The ureters (the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder) widen.
- It becomes easier for bacteria to travel upward.
These changes increase the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are among the most common infections during pregnancy.
Untreated UTIs can sometimes progress to kidney infections, making early treatment especially important.
4. Increased Blood Flow
Pregnancy increases blood circulation throughout your body.
Greater blood flow to the vaginal area can lead to:
- Increased vaginal discharge.
- Swelling of tissues.
- A warmer, more humid environment.
Although these changes are normal, they may also create favorable conditions for fungal organisms like Candida, which causes yeast infections.
5. Lifestyle and Environmental Exposure
Pregnant women may also be exposed to infections through everyday activities.
Examples include:
- Eating undercooked meat
- Consuming unpasteurized dairy products
- Gardening without gloves
- Cleaning cat litter boxes
- Caring for young children who may carry viruses
- Traveling to areas with infectious diseases
Understanding these risks helps you take simple precautions that significantly reduce the chance of infection.
Why Early Detection Matters
Many infections begin with mild symptoms—or sometimes no symptoms at all.
Without treatment, certain infections can lead to serious complications, including:
- Premature labor
- Premature rupture of membranes
- Low birth weight
- Miscarriage (in some cases)
- Stillbirth (rare but possible with certain severe infections)
- Infection of the newborn
- Maternal kidney infection or bloodstream infection
The reassuring news is that many of these complications can be prevented through routine prenatal care, screening tests, and timely treatment.
Common Symptoms of an Infection During Pregnancy
Not every infection causes obvious symptoms. However, being aware of common warning signs can help you seek medical care promptly.
Fever
A body temperature of 38°C (100.4°F) or higher during pregnancy should never be ignored.
Fever may indicate:
- Influenza
- COVID-19
- Kidney infection
- Listeriosis
- Other bacterial or viral infections
Persistent fever requires prompt medical evaluation because high temperatures, particularly in early pregnancy, may increase the risk of complications.
Burning or Pain During Urination
Pain while urinating often suggests a urinary tract infection.
Other symptoms may include:
- Frequent urge to urinate
- Passing only small amounts of urine
- Cloudy urine
- Blood in the urine
- Lower abdominal discomfort
UTIs are highly treatable with pregnancy-safe antibiotics, making early diagnosis important.
Abnormal Vaginal Discharge
Pregnancy naturally increases vaginal discharge. However, changes in color, smell, or consistency may indicate an infection.
You should contact your healthcare provider if your discharge becomes:
- Green
- Yellow
- Gray
- Thick and cottage cheese-like
- Foul-smelling
- Accompanied by itching or burning
Different types of discharge may suggest yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, or sexually transmitted infections.
Vaginal Itching or Irritation
Persistent itching is often associated with:
- Yeast infections
- Allergic reactions
- Bacterial infections
- Skin conditions
Although itching alone isn’t always serious, it should be evaluated if it persists or is accompanied by unusual discharge.
Lower Abdominal or Pelvic Pain
Some pelvic discomfort is common as your uterus grows.
However, infection-related pain may be:
- Constant
- Severe
- Accompanied by fever
- Associated with painful urination
- Linked with abnormal discharge
Never ignore persistent abdominal pain during pregnancy.
Chills
Experiencing chills together with fever often signals your body is fighting an infection.
Possible causes include:
- Kidney infection
- Influenza
- COVID-19
- Bloodstream infections
Medical assessment is recommended, particularly if chills occur with high fever.
Persistent Cough or Difficulty Breathing
Respiratory infections deserve special attention during pregnancy.
Symptoms may include:
- Persistent cough
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain
- Wheezing
- Fever
Respiratory illnesses such as influenza, COVID-19, or pneumonia may become more severe during pregnancy.
Diarrhea and Vomiting
Occasional nausea is common during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester.
However, persistent vomiting or diarrhea—particularly if accompanied by fever or abdominal cramps—may indicate:
- Food poisoning
- Viral gastroenteritis
- Listeriosis
- Other gastrointestinal infections
These illnesses can lead to dehydration and require medical evaluation.
Swollen Lymph Nodes
Swollen glands in the neck, underarms, or groin may occur with certain viral infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) or other illnesses.
Although not always serious, persistent swelling should be assessed by a healthcare provider.
Can Some Pregnancy Infections Have No Symptoms?
Yes. One of the biggest challenges is that some infections produce few or no noticeable symptoms.
Examples include:
- Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
- Asymptomatic urinary tract infections
- Chlamydia
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Because these infections can still affect pregnancy outcomes, routine prenatal screening is an essential part of antenatal care. Attending all scheduled appointments allows your healthcare provider to detect and treat infections before complications arise.
The Most Common Pregnancy Infections
Pregnancy can increase the risk of certain infections due to changes in the immune system, hormones, and the urinary and reproductive systems. Fortunately, many of these infections are treatable when diagnosed early. Understanding their symptoms and knowing when to seek medical care can help protect both you and your baby.
In this section, we’ll discuss five of the most common infections that may occur during pregnancy.
1. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
A Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections during pregnancy. It occurs when bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli), enter the urinary tract and multiply.
Pregnant women are more likely to develop UTIs because hormonal changes relax the muscles of the urinary tract, slowing the flow of urine. As the uterus grows, it can also press on the bladder, making it harder to empty completely.
Symptoms
A UTI may cause:
- Burning or pain while urinating
- Frequent urge to urinate
- Passing only small amounts of urine
- Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
- Blood in the urine
- Lower abdominal discomfort
- Mild pelvic pain
Sometimes, pregnant women may have asymptomatic bacteriuria, where bacteria are present in the urine without causing symptoms. This is why routine urine testing during prenatal visits is important.
Possible Complications
If left untreated, a UTI can spread to the kidneys and lead to a kidney infection (pyelonephritis), which may increase the risk of:
- High fever
- Severe back or side pain
- Premature labor
- Low birth weight
- Maternal sepsis (rare but serious)
Treatment
Healthcare providers usually prescribe pregnancy-safe antibiotics after confirming the infection with a urine test. It’s essential to complete the full course of antibiotics, even if symptoms improve.
Prevention Tips
- Drink plenty of water.
- Don’t hold your urine for long periods.
- Empty your bladder completely.
- Wipe from front to back after using the toilet.
- Urinate after sexual intercourse.
- Wear breathable cotton underwear.
- Attend routine prenatal urine screenings.
2. Yeast Infection (Vaginal Candidiasis)
A yeast infection is a common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida, especially Candida albicans.
Higher estrogen levels during pregnancy create an environment where yeast can grow more easily, making these infections particularly common.
Symptoms
Common symptoms include:
- Intense vaginal itching
- Burning sensation
- Thick, white discharge resembling cottage cheese
- Redness and swelling around the vagina
- Pain during urination
- Discomfort during intercourse
Unlike bacterial infections, yeast infections usually do not produce a strong unpleasant odor.
Is It Dangerous?
A yeast infection is generally not harmful to the baby during pregnancy. However, it can cause significant discomfort for the mother.
If present during delivery, the baby may develop oral thrush, a fungal infection in the mouth that is usually treatable.
Treatment
Doctors often recommend antifungal vaginal creams or suppositories that are considered safe during pregnancy. Avoid using over-the-counter medications without consulting your healthcare provider.
Prevention Tips
- Wear loose-fitting cotton underwear.
- Avoid staying in wet clothing for long periods.
- Avoid scented soaps and feminine hygiene sprays.
- Keep the genital area clean and dry.
- Limit excessive sugar intake, as high sugar levels may encourage yeast growth.
3. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
Bacterial Vaginosis occurs when the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina is disrupted, allowing harmful bacteria to overgrow.
Although BV isn’t always considered a sexually transmitted infection, sexual activity can increase the risk.
Symptoms
Some women have no symptoms.
Others may experience:
- Thin gray or white vaginal discharge
- Strong fishy odor
- Mild vaginal itching
- Burning during urination
Why Is BV Important During Pregnancy?
Untreated BV has been associated with:
- Premature birth
- Premature rupture of membranes (water breaking early)
- Low birth weight
- Infection after delivery
Because of these risks, healthcare providers may recommend treatment, particularly if symptoms are present or if there is a history of preterm birth.
Diagnosis
Your healthcare provider may diagnose BV by:
- Reviewing your symptoms
- Performing a pelvic examination
- Testing a sample of vaginal discharge
Treatment
BV is usually treated with prescription antibiotics that are considered safe during pregnancy.
Always complete the full course of medication as prescribed.
Prevention Tips
- Avoid vaginal douching.
- Practice good genital hygiene.
- Wear breathable underwear.
- Limit the use of scented feminine products.
- Practice safer sex if advised by your healthcare provider.
4. Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a type of bacteria naturally found in the digestive and reproductive tracts of many healthy adults.
Most women carrying GBS have no symptoms and are unaware they have it.
Why Is GBS Important?
Although GBS rarely causes illness in healthy adults, it can be passed to the baby during childbirth.
In newborns, GBS infection may cause:
- Pneumonia
- Bloodstream infection (sepsis)
- Meningitis
These infections can be serious but are largely preventable with appropriate care.
Screening
Many healthcare providers routinely perform a GBS screening test between 35 and 37 weeks of pregnancy.
The test involves taking a swab from the vagina and rectum.
Treatment
If you test positive for GBS, it does not usually mean you need treatment during pregnancy.
Instead, intravenous antibiotics are typically given during labor to significantly reduce the risk of passing the bacteria to your baby.
Can GBS Be Prevented?
GBS naturally comes and goes, so there is no guaranteed way to prevent colonization.
The best protection is:
- Attending all prenatal appointments.
- Undergoing recommended screening.
- Receiving antibiotics during labor if advised.
5. Listeriosis
Listeriosis is a rare but potentially serious foodborne illness caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes.
Pregnant women are much more susceptible to listeriosis than the general population because of pregnancy-related immune changes.
Although the illness may be mild for the mother, it can have severe consequences for the unborn baby.
How Does Listeria Spread?
Listeria is commonly found in contaminated food.
High-risk foods include:
- Unpasteurized milk
- Soft cheeses made from unpasteurized milk
- Refrigerated smoked seafood
- Ready-to-eat deli meats (unless heated until steaming hot)
- Refrigerated pâtés and meat spreads
- Raw sprouts
- Undercooked meat
Symptoms
Symptoms may include:
- Fever
- Chills
- Muscle aches
- Fatigue
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
In severe cases, the infection may spread to the nervous system, causing:
- Severe headache
- Stiff neck
- Confusion
- Loss of balance
Risks to the Baby
Untreated listeriosis can increase the risk of:
- Miscarriage
- Stillbirth
- Premature birth
- Serious newborn infections
Because symptoms can resemble a mild flu, it’s important to contact your healthcare provider if you develop a fever or flu-like illness after eating high-risk foods.
Treatment
Listeriosis is treated with intravenous or oral antibiotics, depending on the severity of the infection. Early treatment can greatly reduce the risk of complications for both mother and baby.
Prevention Tips
To reduce your risk of listeriosis:
- Choose pasteurized milk and dairy products.
- Heat deli meats and hot dogs until steaming before eating.
- Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
- Cook meat, poultry, and seafood to safe internal temperatures.
- Refrigerate leftovers promptly.
- Avoid foods known to carry a higher risk of Listeria contamination.
6. Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Many peop le who become infected experience mild or no symptoms, but acquiring the infection for the first time during pregnancy can pose serious risks to the developing baby.
How Can You Get Toxoplasmosis?
You may become infected by:
- Eating undercooked or raw meat
- Consuming unwashed fruits and vegetables
- Handling contaminated soil while gardening
- Cleaning a cat’s litter box
- Drinking contaminated water (in some areas)
Contrary to popular belief, you do not need to give away your pet cat. The key is practicing good hygiene and avoiding direct contact with cat feces.
Symptoms
Many pregnant women have no symptoms.
Others may experience:
- Mild fever
- Fatigue
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Muscle aches
- Headache
Risks to the Baby
If transmitted during pregnancy, toxoplasmosis may increase the risk of:
- Miscarriage
- Stillbirth
- Vision problems
- Hearing loss
- Brain and nervous system complications
- Developmental delays
The earlier in pregnancy the infection occurs, the more severe the potential effects may be.
Prevention Tips
- Cook meat thoroughly.
- Wash fruits and vegetables before eating.
- Wear gloves while gardening.
- Wash your hands after handling raw meat.
- Ask someone else to clean the cat litter box. If you must do it yourself, wear disposable gloves and wash your hands thoroughly afterward.
- Avoid drinking untreated water.
7. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that usually causes mild illness in healthy adults. However, infection during pregnancy can sometimes affect the developing baby.
CMV spreads through contact with body fluids, including saliva, urine, blood, tears, and breast milk.
Symptoms
Most adults have no symptoms.
If symptoms occur, they may include:
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Sore throat
- Swollen glands
- Muscle aches
Risks During Pregnancy
Congenital CMV infection may lead to:
- Hearing loss
- Vision problems
- Developmental delays
- Seizures
- Small head size (microcephaly)
Not every baby exposed to CMV develops complications, but prevention remains important.
Prevention Tips
Pregnant women, especially those caring for young children, should:
- Wash hands frequently with soap and water.
- Avoid sharing food, drinks, utensils, or toothbrushes with young children.
- Avoid kissing children on the mouth; kiss them on the forehead or cheek instead.
- Clean toys and frequently touched surfaces regularly.
8. Influenza (Flu)
Influenza is more than just a seasonal illness. During pregnancy, changes in the immune system, heart, and lungs increase the risk of severe complications from the flu.
Symptoms
Common symptoms include:
- Fever
- Chills
- Dry cough
- Sore throat
- Muscle aches
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Runny or blocked nose
Why Is the Flu More Serious During Pregnancy?
Influenza may increase the risk of:
- Pneumonia
- Hospitalization
- Preterm birth
- Low birth weight
Treatment
If you develop flu symptoms, contact your healthcare provider promptly. Antiviral medications may be recommended, especially if started within the first 48 hours of symptom onset.
Do not self-medicate during pregnancy without professional advice.
Prevention
The seasonal influenza vaccine is recommended during pregnancy in many countries because it helps protect both the mother and the baby. Speak with your healthcare provider about vaccination recommendations based on your location and health status.
9. COVID-19
COVID-19 continues to circulate worldwide. Most pregnant women recover without serious complications, but pregnancy may increase the risk of severe illness in some cases.
Symptoms
Symptoms vary but may include:
- Fever
- Cough
- Sore throat
- Shortness of breath
- Loss of taste or smell
- Fatigue
- Muscle aches
Possible Risks During Pregnancy
Some studies have shown an increased risk of:
- Preterm birth
- Pregnancy complications in severe cases
- Hospitalization
The overall risk depends on factors such as vaccination status, underlying medical conditions, and the severity of infection.
Prevention
- Wash your hands regularly.
- Avoid close contact with people who are unwell.
- Follow current public health guidance.
- Stay up to date with recommended vaccinations after discussing them with your healthcare provider.
- Improve indoor ventilation where possible.
If you develop symptoms, contact your healthcare provider for advice on testing and treatment.
10. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Some sexually transmitted infections can affect pregnancy and may be passed to the baby during pregnancy or childbirth.
Common STIs include:
- Chlamydia
- Gonorrhea
- Syphilis
- Genital herpes
- HIV
- Hepatitis B
Many STIs have no noticeable symptoms, which is why routine prenatal screening is so important.
Possible Symptoms
If symptoms occur, they may include:
- Unusual vaginal discharge
- Burning during urination
- Pelvic pain
- Genital sores or blisters
- Pain during intercourse
- Abnormal bleeding
Possible Pregnancy Complications
Untreated STIs may increase the risk of:
- Miscarriage
- Premature birth
- Low birth weight
- Eye infections in newborns
- Pneumonia
- Congenital infections
Fortunately, many STIs can be treated or managed safely during pregnancy when diagnosed early.
When Should You Contact Your Doctor Immediately?
Seek medical attention without delay if you experience any of the following:
- Fever of 38°C (100.4°F) or higher
- Severe abdominal or pelvic pain
- Pain in your back with fever
- Burning urination with fever
- Persistent vomiting or diarrhea
- Heavy vaginal bleeding
- Leaking fluid from the vagina
- Difficulty breathing or chest pain
- Severe headache with fever
- Confusion or extreme drowsiness
- Reduced or absent baby movements (after your healthcare provider has advised you to monitor fetal movements)
Prompt medical care can help prevent complications for both mother and baby.
General Tips to Prevent Infections During Pregnancy
While it’s impossible to avoid every infection, these healthy habits can greatly reduce your risk:
- Wash your hands frequently with soap and water.
- Cook meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs thoroughly.
- Choose pasteurized milk and dairy products.
- Wash fruits and vegetables before eating.
- Drink safe, clean water.
- Avoid handling cat litter if possible.
- Wear gloves while gardening.
- Practice good personal hygiene.
- Avoid sharing eating utensils, drinks, or toothbrushes.
- Keep up with routine prenatal appointments.
- Follow your healthcare provider’s advice on recommended vaccines.
- Take prescribed medications exactly as directed.
- Maintain a balanced diet, stay hydrated, and get enough rest to support your immune system.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Can infections during pregnancy harm my baby?
Some infections can affect the baby, while others mainly cause symptoms for the mother. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly reduce the risk of complications.
Are antibiotics safe during pregnancy?
Many antibiotics are considered safe during pregnancy, but not all are appropriate. Only take antibiotics prescribed by your healthcare provider.
Can I prevent every infection?
No, but you can greatly lower your risk by practicing good hygiene, following food safety guidelines, attending prenatal appointments, and seeking medical advice if you develop symptoms.
Is a yeast infection dangerous for my baby?
In most cases, yeast infections are uncomfortable but not dangerous during pregnancy. However, they should still be evaluated and treated by your healthcare provider.
Should I worry if I have a fever while pregnant?
Yes. A fever during pregnancy should always be discussed with your healthcare provider, especially if it reaches 38°C (100.4°F) or higher or is accompanied by other symptoms such as severe pain, difficulty breathing, or a rash.
Final Thoughts
Pregnancy infections are relatively common, but most can be managed successfully with early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and regular prenatal care. Paying attention to warning signs, maintaining good hygiene, practicing safe food handling, and attending all scheduled antenatal visits are among the most effective ways to protect both you and your baby.
Remember that symptoms such as fever, painful urination, unusual vaginal discharge, severe abdominal pain, or persistent illness should never be ignored during pregnancy. If you notice any concerning symptoms, contact your healthcare provider promptly rather than attempting to self-diagnose or self-treat.
By staying informed and taking preventive measures, you can reduce your risk of infection and support a healthier pregnancy for both you and your growing baby.